No Time to Teach? Try This.

Posted on April 27, 2022 by marylbrandt

I’ve started a new practice as a medical educator that has been working so well that I thought I should share it.

Once (or twice) a day in every teaching hospital every service makes rounds and, while managing and treating their patients, the attending (and/or senior residents) teach.

https://middlemarch.com/film/making-rounds/

Inevitably, there are unanswered questions that come up as we discuss patients. Many of them are questions I don’t know the answer to, or are related to a hot topic that might have new information just published. Here are some examples of questions that have come up on rounds on our pediatric surgery service:

Are there new recommendations about how to manage gallstone pancreatitis and/or choledocholithiasis in kids?
What is the caloric content of the different formulas we prescribe?
What is the best way to calculate calorie needs for a burn patient?
How and why do you swaddle a baby?
How do you manage supplemental oxygen after you extubate a patient with severe facial burns?
Where does “second line” come from?

Typically in the past, each student and intern would be assigned one or two of these questions to answer. They would be expected to report back to the team the next day – which might or might not happen depending on how busy the day was (and if the attending remembered to ask them). But to be honest, this way of teaching has become harder with time. There is a post-call resident who is not there the next day, the students often have didactic sessions that are required so they aren’t there, and the day can get so busy that there isn’t (perceived) time to teach on rounds.

But it’s our responsibility to teach (the word doctor means teacher!). Teaching is also a powerful antidote for burnout because its so important and so meaningful. It was clear – I had to come up with a way to make this work in spite of the limitations created by our schedules and clinical responsibilities. So here is what I do now in addition to teaching on rounds:

During rounds we come up with one question per person (everyone, not just the students and interns).
Each person is responsible to answer their question via a group email that, as the attending, I start on the first day I’m rounding.
The answers are short and helpful – as though each person is taking notes for themselves. No PowerPoint presentations, no extensive diatribes.
The email answer is due before the next morning… but no one is allowed to stay up late to do this.

Here’s what was sent on our group email to answer the examples I listed above. (Disclaimer – These are unedited. Don’t use these for patient care unless you look things up yourself!):

What is the “board answer” for treatment of gallstone pancreatitis?

Usually mild as the stones pass spontaneously in the majority of patients but can be severe (even life-threatening) although this is rare. This is due both to fluid loss (equivalent of a severe burn) and to SIRS

initial Tx: Fluid resuscitation, pain control, nutritional support (oral when patients are subjectively hungry – low fat diet)
Surgery during the same hospitalization (Munoz, 2022) (Berger, 2020) (Noel, 2018)
ERCP only if there is cholangitis or persistent cholestasis (Schepers, 2020)

What is the “board answer” for treatment of choledocholithiasis.

First step: Is it asymptomatic or symptomatic (i.e. pancreatitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis)?
Emergency ERCP (<24hrs) for cholangitis, cholecystitis and/or pancreatitis with obstruction
Stones must be cleared. There is no benefit to waiting and there is a downside to waiting since there is always a risk of cholangitis or pancreatitis with a stone in place.
Most surgeons use pre-operative ERCP for known choledocholithiais followed by cholecystectomy, but ERCP at the time of cholecystectomy in adults (Rucci, 2018) (Cianci, 2021) and kids (Fishman, 2020) has been shown to be safe – and perhaps better.

Calorie content of available Tube Feed/Supplements:

Two Cal HN – 2 Calories/mL – high protein

Glycerna 1.2 – 1.2 Calories/mL – lower glycemic index

Nepro Carb Steady – 1.8 Calories/mL – high fiber, gluten free, for lactose intolerant

Impact Peptide 1.5 – 1.5 Calories/mL – supposedly decreases risk of enteral infection in surgical/trauma patient with peptide formulation

Vital 1.2 – 1.2 Calories/mL with 1.2g of NutraFlora per 8oz for gut health

Pediasure Peptide 1.5 – 1.5 Calories/mL – designed for those with malabsorption

Ensure Plus – 1.5 Calories/mL with 16g protein

Osmolite 1.5 – 1.5 Calories/mL – fatty acids for different digestive profile

Jevity 1.2 – 1.2 Calories/mL with 4g fiber/8oz and 1.9 NutraFlora for gut health

Kate Farms 1.5 Peptide – 1.5 Calories/mL – supposedly marketing for smaller tubes without needing to be watered down

Nutritional needs for burn patients

Calorie calculator is complex: https://burnstrauma.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41038-017-0076-x/tables/1

2.5-4.0 g/kg/day protein for burned children vs 1.5-2.0 g/kg/day for adults

Fat should be less than 15% of total calories

Carbs 7g/kg/day for burned children

Where did swaddling begin and why do we do it? How do you swaddle a baby?

Etymology/History

Swath (a strip in a field or a strip of cloth)
1325 first recorded use in English – Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 1343 A new-born child..Bunden wid a suadiling band (OED)
Almost universal in the 18th century, with or without a cradleboard

Benefits of Swaddling (van Sleuwen, 2007)

Infants arouse less and sleep more
Soothes pain in infants
Prevents hypothermia
Decreases excessive crying due to stimulation

Adverse effects of swaddling (van Sleuwen, 2007)

Hyperthermia if not monitored
Increased risk of hip dysplasia
Increased risk of SIDS if prone
Promotes skin infections in hot, humid climates

Video showing three different methods of swaddling

Facial burns and airway management:

*The mortality associated with orofacial burns or smoke inhalation is related to the degree of lung damage, patient’s age, and the extent of the burn; it is not related to the method of upper airway control. Arch Surg. 1976

*In Facial burns, edema of the head and neck, supraglottic, and glottic areas is the most common cause of airway obstruction

Modified Tube for Endotracheal Airway Management of Children with Facial Burns Antonio G. Galvis, MD,

The team from this article designed a particular ETT setup

Treatment for postextubation stridor was required after 11 (37%) of 30 extubations, with five reintubations and one tracheostomy. The best predictor of postextubation stridor was absence of an airleak at the time of extubation (sensitivity 100%, positive predictive value 79%, p less than .001), followed by type of injury (facial burn vs. all others; sensitivity 64%, positive predictive value 88%, p less than .001).

Kemper KJ, Benson MS, Bishop MJ. Predictors of postextubation stridor in pediatric trauma patients. Critical Care Medicine. 1991 Mar;19(3):352-355. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199103000-00012. PMID: 1999096.

What a second line means!

The “second line” refers to the spectators who join or follow the main line (usually the brass band) and contribute to the walking parade. This is what separates a second line from any other New Orleans parade: groups are not only welcome but encouraged to follow along, allowing the second line to grow as it marches. The term “second line” doesn’t only refer to the parade itself, it also speaks to the type of dancing you will find during those parades. “Second lining” is a highly recognizable strutting, chicken-like dance move that many people use to keep pace with the band. So “second line” is a term with many meanings; it applies to a type of parade, a part of the parade, and a dance move used within that parade.

Gifts for folks about to start medical training – of any kind!

Posted on December 9, 2021 by marylbrandt

Every year about this time I put out a list of the best presents for folks about to start medical school, nursing school, physician assistant school or any medically related school … as well anyone “leveling up” to the next level of training in their field (i.e. internship, residency, fellowship, etc). This is my edited post for 2023. I hope it gives families and friends ideas on how to support the people they love who are learning how to heal.

The Gift of More Free Time

The everyday needs of a household can become oppressive if you are working 80 hours a week. And, because bathrooms need to be cleaned, and floors need to be vacuumed, this is time that takes away from downtime needed to recover from hard work.

Here’s a list of things that just about every healer or healer in training would appreciate to help free up time:

A cleaning service. Hire someone to do a “deep clean” of their home once a month. Look on the internet for bonded cleaning services or call people who might know the best companies.
Car washes. Who doesn’t love a clean car…. and who has the time to wash and vacuum their car?
Roomba vacuum cleaner. One task taken care of!
Someone else to cook meals (see below!)

The Gift of Nourishing Food

Instant Pot. The number one time saving kitchen appliance for busy people is the Instant Pot. My Instant Pot has fundamentally changed the way I cook – and has made it easier to eat well.
Air Fryer. I’m a new convert to air fryers. 15 minutes to get wonderful roasted or air fried veggies is amazing! Hard to choose between this and the instant pot. There is an instant pot with both, but I’m not sure it does quite as good a job as an air fryer.
Gift certificates for food. Do a little sleuthing and find a healthy grocery store near where they live. Other ideas might be a smoothie or juice shop, their favorite restaurant(s), or coffee shops
Prepared meals. Most cities have small, local companies that deliver prepared meals to your door. That would be my first choice (support local!) but there are also national companies and do this, too. Most companies offer gift certificates which is probably the best plan to give flexibility between a subscription or a la carte ordering.
Home cooked meals. If you live near, think about cooking a batch of favorite food(s) and putting them in single serving containers to freeze. You might also want to create a certificate for your personal “cookie/meal/soup of the month club” with a promise to deliver food once a month.
A Good Cookbook. Mark Bittman’s cookbooks are all wonderful, but How to Cook Everything Fast is a particularly good choice for busy people.
Vitamix. It may seem expensive for a “blender”… but this is much more than a blender. These are the blenders you see in professional smoothie stores. Smoothies become a lifesaver for busy healers. (The Vitamix also makes great soups, sauces, etc…..)

The Gift of Good Beverages

Insulated Coffee Mug. Rounds in the morning often starts with “running the list” around a computer, often at “dark thirty” when the rest of the world is just thinking about getting up. Having good coffee or tea from home or a local shop that stays warm for several hours is such a pleasure. The mug of choice for just about everyone I know is a 10 or 16 oz Yeti tumbler.
Water Bottle. No one drinks enough water at work in the hospital (and we all agree on this). Again, having a great water bottle that you can fill in the morning with ice water (and a slice of lemon if you like) makes the day better.
Nespresso (or other) coffee maker. If they are a coffee drinker, a good coffee maker is key. Nespresso is my personal favorite, but be creative and look at all the options!
Good coffee (or tea). There are local roasters in most cities, so rather than support the big chains, look for them and consider a gift of coffee.

The Gift of Music

For those who find solace and joy in good music (and isn’t that just about all of us?):

A good Bluetooth speaker for their home or study space. I love the Klipsch The One II speaker I have at home, but I’m sure there are other equivalent speakers, including some that aren’t as expensive.
Air pods or noise cancelling headphones
A subscription to one of the many streaming music services like Spotify or Apple Music.
Tickets to the symphony, ballet, jazz performances, or opera in the city where they live.

The Gift of Good Sleep

Good mattress, pillows, sheets. How we sleep determines how well we function the next day, particularly in high stress jobs. Is it time for a new mattress? Is there a better mattress that might help? High quality sheets are usually a welcome gift, too.
Light blocking curtains or shades. Post-call sleep is during the day and sunlight can interfere with sleep. Special curtains or shades to block the sun really help.
A Weighted Blanket.
Nothing Much Happens. This is a free podcast with the subtitle of “Bedtime stories for adults”. Since it’s a present, think about supporting this wonderful series with the very cheap subscription (which means you get the stories without ads.)

The Gift of Healthy (and not aching) Feet

Working in the hospital means a lot of time on your feet. John Wooden, probably the most famous basketball coach of all time, spent the first week of training every year teaching his players how to put on their socks…. because he recognized that if you didn’t pay attention to your feet, it would affect your game. The same is true in medicine.

Comfortable shoes for the hospital which can be thrown into a washing machine. High on the list are Atoms, AllBirds, and Merrells. I have shoes from all three companies and so, for some one like me (a surgeon) who walks and stands a lot, I can recommend these specific shoes! Atoms Sneaker, Allbirds Tree Runners, Merrell Encore Breeze, Merrell Antora 2 Rainbow,
Good socks. Don’t go for cute, go for high quality, well padded, and functional.
Compression socks. There is some debate about whether compression socks can really prevent varicose veins, but there is no debate that your feet feel better at the end of a long day when you wear them!
Pedicures. Lots of women (and some men!) have learned the joy of a professional pedicure for tired feet. Don’t underestimate the power of a gift certificate for pedicures. But, as an alternative, put together a kit for home pedicures.

The Gift of Fitness

This might not apply to everyone, but most people who work hard know that they feel better if they exercise a little every day. But – a word of caution – tread lightly with fitness gifts since they can be misinterpreted as conveying a “need” to exercise.

A bicycle. For many people a good bicycle can make it easy to add some exercise by commuting to work by biking instead of driving. Regardless, it’s a great way to get some exercise outside. If they have a bike they use to commute, you might think of some ways to make it easier such as
A gym membership. You may have to do a little detective work to find the right gym that is close to where they live, but it’s worth it.
New shoes. Runners are supposed to get new shoes every year or so. Give them a gift certificate from a running store near them, if there is one. Or, be creative and put cash in a tiny toy shoes and wrap them in a shoe box.
Fitness equipment for home. Resistance training is important for all of us, regardless of gender or age. Although a bench and weights are part of the classic home gym, they take up a lot of room (and weigh a lot!). I’m a big fan of the TRX system, which makes a great present. Since it has become almost a cult among physicians during the pandemic, I have to at least mention Peleton as another potential fitness gift for healers and healers in training.

The Gift of Calm

Massage and/or Spa Services. This, too, may take a little effort to find the right place, but this is a wonderful gift for stressed people.

Headspace. This might seem a little unusual as a gift idea, but I can’t recommend it enough. Meditation is discussed in most medical schools and hospitals as a tool to gain insight and recover from the depletion that is part of the work we do. The best way I’ve found to learn this practice, and then stick with it is Headspace, which is a great app. The first 10 lessons are free, but for a gift, go ahead and get the annual subscription.

The Gift of Time and Stories

Human beings heal their hearts and souls by telling stories. Although there are many stories your loved one can’t tell you (at least not the specifics) you can totally ask how what they are seeing and doing is making them feel. Set aside some time for a coffee or another beverage and ask – with intention – “How are you doing?” And then just listen. Don’t try to “fix” anything … just listen.

Along the same lines, think about a letter… yes, a handwritten letter or note. Maybe a long one for a specific holiday or birthday, maybe a series of shorter ones through the year. Imagine how you would feel after a particularly hard week if you had a letter to reread that talked about how proud someone was of you, filled with funny stories and words of support.

“Running the List”

Posted on July 20, 2021 by marylbrandt

Where did this term come from?

For those not in medicine:

A busy hospital service needs a way to keep up with the “to dos” of the day.
The junior residents and students responsible for these tasks need a way to know what they’ve done and what still needs to be done.
The senior residents and attendings need to keep track of the information and what is happening to guide and supervise the junior residents and students.

And all of this means keeping an accurate and up to date patient list. This can happen digitally in Epic, which is often what attendings use, but for most residents and students it means printing out the Epic list to keep in their pocket as they move through their day (and/or night).

p.s. If by chance you are still making your residents use Excel i.e. they have to physically create the patient list, shame on you! (Unless you don’t have Epic or another digital way to keep the list, in which case, I’m really sorry.)

And how do residents and students use the patient list?

Almost everyone draws little boxes for every detail they need to check off … and then puts a check in the box when it’s done.
Different colors for different tasks? Doodles? Notes during rounds or lectures? All of these and more, I’m sure.
Fine tipped pens are key (Every resident has a favorite type of pen which they hide from their attendings).

And then we run the list

“Running the list” means starting at the top of the list and discussing each patient sequentially, one at a time. We make sure to go over the plan for each patient, discuss what has changed, learn what has been “checked off”, and decide what needs to be added to the list.

This happens routinely at the beginning and end of the work day, and during handoffs. But, on a busy day, it may happen even more often.

So back to the original question

Although it sometimes actually feels like the intellectual equivalent of running, I suspect that the origin of “running the list” has to do with the idea of a “running list” i.e. a list that you add to as new things come up. But that’s just an educated guess, since I couldn’t find any actual data. If you have other thoughts, let me know!

Final thoughts

Running the list is an important part of caring for patients, but it can also be a practice.

What if, like a competitive runner, you took a moment before you “run” the list to center yourself, take a few deep breaths and get ready to run?

What if you tried to visualize each person on the list as you review the day’s tasks to remember that these aren’t just tasks… they are human beings in your care?

What if we consistently made it a goal to teach just a little bit (or a lot, if the time permits) every time we run the list? (Would this be “walking” the list? 🙂 )

And at the end of the day, when you put your patient list in the shredder (don’t forget this important step! #HIPPA), what if you did it intentionally – to mark the end of the work day and the transition to not being in the hospital?

Study Tips for First Year Medical Students

Posted on August 11, 2018 by marylbrandt

Yesterday was my first embryology lecture of the year to the new MS1s at Baylor College of Medicine, as well as the PA, DNP and Genetic Counseling students. For years, I’ve been including a few slides at the end of each lecture to help with the transition to medical school. Yesterday’s lecture ended with tips on how to study. I promised the students I’d share these slides in a written formate. I realized sharing them here might be the most appropriate way to do that!

Medical school (or any high volume graduate school) involves a dramatic change from what students have previously experienced. As you know, if you read this blog, I believe there are a lot of “tools” that can help students “thrive, not just survive”

The biggest change for many students is it really isn’t about the grades anymore. It’s about studying for the patients you will be caring for in the future. That means really learning the material, not just knowing it for a test.

Even though there is still a lot unknown about how the brain works to learn material, what is certain is that it is a physical process. You create new synapses when you experience or learn new things. As they are repeated, these synapses get stronger and stronger.

So, to organize the advice, I’ll share some basics, some specifics and then a little refinement.

Learning this volume of material at this level of complexity is about consistency. You can’t run a marathon by running 20 miles every weekend. This is no different. You need to study every day (except one). One of our great teachers at Baylor, Dr. Clay Goodman, tells our students that they have signed on for a 60 hour a week job. (which roughly means 1-2 hours of studying for every hour in the classroom). If you map out your week as a 60 hour job, it will work a lot better than ever trying to “catch up.”

The SQ3R system is the best system I know to learn what you need to know during the basic sciences. So, how do you translate the SQ3R system into practice?

The night before lectures, spend 30-40 minutes skimming the lectures. No “studying”. Be curious. What questions are going to be answered during the lecture? How is it organized? (BTW “Mike” is a fictitious patient with muscular dystrophy that Dr. Goodman uses in an introductory lecture to show how everything you learn in medical school matters – from the DNA to the psychosocial context of the family)

This 30-40 minutes is basically the “S” and “Q” of the SQR3 system.

SURVEY to get the big picture
QUESTION = what questions are going to be answered during the lecture? What else do you want to know to really understand this? (write them down!). Do not try to look up anything now.

During the lecture stay ACTIVE. Don’t sit in the back row and look at FaceBook – even if the professor is reading the slides.* You’ll need to take notes for this to be really active. Put the questions you want answered on an outline you prepare the night before lecture and fill it in during the lecture. Use mind maps or other powerful visual aids to learn. Click here to get to my post on taking notes during basic sciences.

*(If you are a lecturer who does this, stop it! – otherwise you are guilty of “death by PowerPoint.” Find someone who is a good lecturer and ask them to coach you.)

After the lecture, you move on to the 3Rs. Now you get down to the real studying. Read through the printed notes (or slides). Did everything get answered? MAKE NOTES that synthesize what you learned.

Review. Review. Review. Here’s the deal. Medical school is a lot like learning a new language. The first part of basic sciences (anatomy, physiology, embryology, etc) is learning the vocabulary. The second part of basic sciences (diseases, pharmacology, etc) is learning the grammar. When you get to the clinics, you are practicing the language until you are fluent. “Flash cards” such as Anki are great at learning “vocabulary”. They are terrible at synthesizing and learning connections and concepts. That’s why you need a single page summary of every lecture. The summary is the “forest”, your notes (plus or minus flash cards) are the “trees”. If you really want to succeed, you need both. BTW, I made the class repeat (out loud) after me (twice) – “You cannot learn medicine from Anki alone.” (It’s on tape. I really did this.)

Here’s an example of a single page summary of the embryology lecture I gave the class yesterday. I spent time to make this really look nice – more time than you will want to spend. It doesn’t need to be typed, it doesn’t need to be particularly legible to anyone but you, but take the time to do these summaries!

Did I already mention that you need to review?

This is probably the single most important slide I show when explaining how to best study in medical school. It’s the basis of many apps in medical learning, including the NEJM Knowledge+ courses. There are two really important points in this graph. First, it takes at least 5 repetitions to really learn something. Second, they have to be spread out in a logarithmic fashion over time.

Here’s how to do it. The first three repetitions should be same day, next day and 2-3 days later. The more times you review it, the better, but it should at least be 1 week later and 3 weeks later. More is better. Plan another review a month later and three months later, too. For the Type A folks in medical school (i.e. all of you), make a spread sheet!

Another thing about our brains and learning. Pushing through for hours without rest is as stupid as thinking you can build up your biceps by doing an hour of uninterrupted reps. Speaking of reps… use “study reps”. Get an app if you think it will help. 50 minutes of studying.

Stop studying for 10 minutes (no matter how engrossed you are) when the alarm goes. Repeat.

People sitting next to you in your study areas are going to look like they have it more together than you do. It might be true… but it probably isn’t. If someone has a study technique that looks like it will work for you, by all means try it! Just don’t change too often. I was a liberal arts major in college. If you come from a non-science background, the first 6 months are going to be a little tougher on you because you have more “vocabulary” to learn but don’t worry, after that you’ll be caught up,

Read this slide. Believe this slide. The most important point on this slide is the last line. You cannot make those physical synapses you need to really learn without 8 hours of sleep.

Keep notes about what works for you and what doesn’t. Everyone is a little different, but you will find a system that works best for you through conscious effort.

It’s like running. Some of this is just “time on feet”. Remember the 60 hours a week job concept and you’ll do fine.

I end with this slide to remind my students that there has to be balance for this to work. Most of what I tell my students about finding and keeping that balance is in this blog, so feel free to use the word cloud to the right or search for what you might need. Please contact me if you have a specific question I can answer or if you have an idea for a new blog post.

Welcome to the best career in the world! We are all happy you are here!

How to Succeed in Clinical Rotations (and residency, too)

Posted on January 9, 2018 by marylbrandt

Today I have the incredible joy of talking to the medical students on our rotation. No agenda, just a conversation that they requested for some “advice”. They just started their surgery rotation last week and it’s their first rotation. First rotation, beginner’s mind, unbridled enthusiasm… it is so wonderful!. I decided I would come up with what I wish someone had told me at the beginning of my rotations…